Bismillahirrahmanirrahiim...
(A summary)
The human body consists of 10 systems:
Integumentary (kulit), Musculoskeletal (otot&skeleton), Nervous (Saraf), Reproductive(Pembiakan), Digestive (Pencernaan), Respiratory (Pernafasan),Hematopoietic (Pembentukan sel darah), Endocrine (Hormon), Renal (Perkumuhan-ginjal), Cardiovascular (Jantung & salur darah).
Formula: I am(M) Nervous Reproducing DR.HER Card (thanks to Dr. Ungku Chulan for this formula).
Important diseases according to the systems:
1)INTEGUMENTARY
2)MUSCULOSKELETAL
Arthritis:inflammation of a joint/joints which cause pain, stiffness and limitation of motion.
-rheumatoid arthritis: a chronic systemic inflammatory disorder that affected many tissue and organs, producing a nonsuppurative proliferative and inflammatory synovitis that often progress to destruction of the articular cartilage and ankylosis of the joint.
-juvenile rheumatoid arthritis:under 16 years
-osteoarthritis: a progressive erosion of articular cartilage principally affecting weight bearing joint(hips, knee, lower lumbar, cervical vertebrae, proximal and distal phalangeal joint).
Metabolic bone diseases:
-osteoporosis: reduction in bone density due to an imbalance between deposition and resorption rate.
-osteomalacia: failure of mineralization because of lack of calcium.
-parathyroid bone disease: the resorption of calcium bone by increasing osteoclastic activity.
-Paget's disease: excessive resorption of bone by abnormal large osteoclasts, may be related with paramyxovirus.
-renal osteodystrophy: combination of features seen in bone (excessive bone erosion and failure of mineralization of osteoid) that are related to chronic renal failure.
Neoplasms of bone:
-osteosarcoma: primary malignant tumour of mesenchymal cells, characterized by direct formation of osteoid or bone by tumour cells.
-chondrosarcoma: malignant tumour of the cartilage in patients between 30-60 years.
-Giant cell tumour(osteoclastoma): presence of multinucleated giant cells scattered throughout a stroma of mononuclear stromal cells.
-Ewing sarcoma:highly malignant tumour of bone which arises in children and adolescent, also associated with cytogenetic abnormalities.
Osteomyelitis:inflammation of bone and marrow
3)NERVOUS
-Alzheimer's disease:a progressive, neurodegenerative disease that occurs in the brain.
-Amytrophic Lateral Sclerosis(ALS): a terminal neurological disorder characterized by progressive degeneration of nerve cells in the spinal cord and brain.
-Bell's palsy: an unexplained episode of facial muscle weakness or paralysis that begins suddenly and worsens over three to five days.
-Epilepsy and seizures
Partial seizures: abnormal elecrical brain function occurs in one or more areas of one side of the brain.
generalized seizures:involve both sides of brain.
4)REPRODUCTIVE
5)DIGESTIVE
Dysphagia:difficulty in swallowing
Diseases of esophagus
-congenital: atresia and fistula
-esophageal webs: ledgelike protrusions of the mucosa into the esophageal lumen.
-esophageal ring:concentric, smooth, thin extension of normal esophagus.
-esophagial diverticula:a sac or pouch arising from the esophagus.
-achalasia:persistent contraction of lower esophagus.
-esophagitis: inflammation of the esophageal mucosa.
-esophageal varices: dilation of submucosal esophagus.
-Mallory Weiss: bleeding from tears in the mucosa at the junction of the esophagus and stomach due to severe retching.
-carcinoma of esophagus:squamous papilloma, leiomyoma, fibroma, lipoma, carcinoid tumour, malignant melanoma.
Diseases of the stomach:
-pyloric stenosis:congenital, caused by hypertrophy of the muscle layer of the pylorus resulting in the palpable mass causing gastric outlet obstruction and projectile vomiting.
-gastritis: inflammation of gastric mucosa
-peptic ulcer: gastric ulcer(antrum of stomach), duodenal ulcer (1st part of duodenum)
-tumour of stomach:gastric carcinoma(most), lymphoma, carcinoids, GIST
Lesions of intestines
-polyps:tubular(pedunculated)/ villous(sessile)/ tubulovillous
-colorectal carcinoma
-carcinoid tumour
6)RENAL
7)HEMATOPOIETIC
-anemia: a reduction in the oxyegen-transporting capacity of blood.
-thrombocytopenia: a reduction in the peripheral blood platelet count below the lower limit of 150,000/cumm.
-hemophilia: a group of congenital coagulation disorders leading to an abnormal bleeding tendency due to genetically determined sex linked recessive defect.
8)ENDOCRINE
Adrenal cortex:
Adrenal hyperfunction:
-hyperaldosteronism= Conn's syndrome
-hypercorticolism= Cushing's syndrome
Adrenal hypofunction:
-Addison's disease
Adrenal medulla:
1) Neuroblastoma: a maligant tumour composed of neuroblastoma.
2) Pheochromocytoma: a benign, solitary tumour originating from the medulla.
Thyroid:
Hyperthyroidism
-hyperactive multinodular goiter
-Grave's disease:an autoimmune disorder caused by antibodies to the TSH receptor on the surface of the thyroid follicular cells.
-thyroid neoplasms
Hypothyroidism
Parathyroid:
Hyperparathyroidism
Hypoparathyroidism
9)RESPIRATORY
Pulmonary tuberculosis: caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis
Pneumonia:any infection of the lung parenchyma.
-bacterial pneumonia: bacterial invasion of the lung parenchyma evoking an exudative solidification of the lung parenchyma.
-bronchopneumonia:patchy consolidation of the lung.
-lobar pneumonia:acute bacterial infection of a large portion of a lobe or entire lobe of lung.
-aspiration pneumonia: occurs in markedly debilitated patients or those who apirate gastric contents either while unconcious or during repeated vomiting.
Chronic obstructive airway diseases:
-emphysema: a condition of lung characterized by abnormal permanent enlargement of the air spaces distal to the terminal bronchioles accompanied by destruction of the walls, without obvious fibrosis.
-chronic bronchitis:any patient who has persistent cough with sputum production for at least 3 months in at least 2 consecutive years.
-bronchial asthma:a disease characterized by increased responsiveness of tranchiobronchial tree to various stimuli, potentiating the paroxysmal constriction of the bronchial airways.
-bronchiectasis:a chronic necrotizing infection of the bronchi and bronchioles leading to or associated with abnormal dilatation of these airways.
-Lung cancer: squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, bronchioloalveolarcinoma, large cell carcinoma,small cell carcinoma, carcioid tumor, metastatic tumors
-Lung abscess: a local suppurative process within the lung, characterized by necrosis of lung tissue.
10)CARDIOVASCULAR
-Ischemic heart disease:a group of closely related syndromes resulting from imbalance between the supply and demand of the heart for oxygenated blood.
1)angina pectoris: pain originating in chest and radiating to left shoulder.
2)myocardial infarction:coagulative necrosis of part of myocardium due to abrupt decrease in coronary blood flow following a complete thrombotic occlusion of artery previously narrowed by atherosclerosis.
3)chronic ischemic heart disease
4)sudden cardiac death:unexpected death from cardiac causes early after or without onset of symptoms.
-Cardiac myopathies: diseases of the myocardium associated with cardiac dysfunction.
-Arteriosclerosis: a group of disorders that have in common thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls.
1)atherosclerosis:characterized by intimal lesion called atheroma which protrude into and obstruct vascular lumen and weaken the underlying media.
2)Monckeberg's@ medial calcific sclerosis: characterized by ring like calcifications within the media of medium-sized to small arteries.
3)arteriolosclerosis
