Entri Study: Pathology

Pesanan untuk diri sendiri;

"Di dunia mereka sedikit sekali tidur di waktu malam. 

Dan selalu memohon keampunan di waktu pagi sebelum fajar."

(az Dzaariyat: 17& 18)

Dua ayat ini adalah antara ciri-ciri orang yang bertaqwa yang bakal merasai syurga dan mata-mata air di akhirat kelak. Kurangkanlah tidurmu jika mahukan kejayaan di dunia dan di akhirat. Selamat bermujahadah diriku...

Pertamanya saya meminta maaf kepada semua pembaca sekiranya blog ini telah menjadi bosan dengan entri-entri study saya.  Buat masa ini, saya terpaksa memanfaatkan blog sebagai diari yang mencatat ilmu yang dibaca dengan matlamat agar saya mudah mengingatinya.

Kali ini tentang Pathology. Pathology ini adalah satu bidang yang membincangkan tentang fungsi badan yang abnormal. Berlawanan dengan Physiology yang membincangkan tentang fungsi badan yang normal.

GENERAL PATHOLOGY (Important concepts from my point of view)

10 group of lesions:

1.degeneration= non-pigmented cytoplasmic changes

-based on the type of substance accumulated and on the type of cell

a.glycogen infiltration (liver and kidney)

b.fatty change (liver)

c.cholesterol infiltration (foamy cells)

d.hydropic degeneration (liver, kidney, heart)

e.mucoid degeneration (adipose tissue)

f.granular degeneration (liver)

g.hyline degeration (parenchyma organs)

h.fibrinoid degeneration (tunica media)

i.amyloid degeneration (capillaries)

2.necrosis = cytoplasmic, nuclear and membrane changes

a.Zenker's necrosis(muscle)

b.fat necrosis (fat)

c.osteo-necrosis(bone)

d.fibrinoid necrosis (blood vessel)

e.coagulative necrosis (any tissue)

f.gangrenous necrosis

g.liquefective necrosis

h.caseous necrosis

 3.inflammation = D+N+CD+GD+IIC

-stages:

1. tissue changes = tissue injury = degeneration -> necrosis

2. vascular changes = CD = Vasodilation -> Vascular permeability -> oedema

3. Exudation + infiltration = increased inflammatory cells

4. regeneration + repair = GD = hyperplasia + fibroplasia

-acute inflammation

-chronic inflammation

4.growth disturbances=changes in A,N,T,S

A=arrangement=dysplasia (epithelium), dystrophy (connective tissue)

N=number=hyperplasia/ hypoplasia/ aplasia

T=type=metaplasia

S=size=hypertrophy/atrophy

5.circulatory disturbances= D of CVS

-oedema

-embolism

-thrombosis

-infarction

-shock

6.trauma= physical+chemical stimuli

7.pigmentation=pigments

8.neoplasia=GD -> dysplasia

-anaplastic features:

1. increased cell size

2. increased nuclear size

3. increased nucleolar size

4. increased nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio

5. increased mitotic figures

6. increased dysplasia (abnormality of development)

7. loss of polarity

8. hyperchromasia

9. pleomorphism

10.misallignment

9.congenital anomalies@genetic disorders= GD -> foetal stage

-Mendelian disorders

-Single gene disorders with non-classic pattern of inheritance.

-Multifactorial inheritance

-Chromosomal disorders

1) Down Syndrome

2) Cri-du-chat syndrome

3) Prader-Willi syndrome

4) Turner syndrome

5) Klinefelter syndrome

6) Fragile X syndrome

10.miscellaneous

to be continued...