Human Diseases

Bismillahirrahmanirrahiim...

(A summary)

The human body consists of 10 systems:

Integumentary (kulit), Musculoskeletal (otot&skeleton), Nervous (Saraf), Reproductive(Pembiakan), Digestive (Pencernaan), Respiratory (Pernafasan),Hematopoietic (Pembentukan sel darah), Endocrine (Hormon), Renal (Perkumuhan-ginjal), Cardiovascular (Jantung & salur darah).

Formula: I am(M) Nervous Reproducing DR.HER Card (thanks to Dr. Ungku Chulan for this formula).

Important diseases according to the systems:

1)INTEGUMENTARY

2)MUSCULOSKELETAL

Arthritis:inflammation of a joint/joints which cause pain, stiffness and limitation of motion.

-rheumatoid arthritis: a chronic systemic inflammatory disorder that affected many tissue and organs, producing a nonsuppurative proliferative and inflammatory synovitis that often progress to destruction of the articular cartilage and ankylosis of the joint.

-juvenile rheumatoid arthritis:under 16 years

-osteoarthritis: a progressive erosion of articular cartilage principally affecting weight bearing joint(hips, knee, lower lumbar, cervical vertebrae, proximal and distal phalangeal joint).

Metabolic bone diseases:

-osteoporosis: reduction in bone density due to an imbalance between deposition and resorption rate.

-osteomalacia: failure of mineralization because of lack of calcium.

-parathyroid bone disease: the resorption of calcium bone by increasing osteoclastic activity.

-Paget's disease: excessive resorption of bone by abnormal large osteoclasts, may be related with paramyxovirus.

-renal osteodystrophy: combination of features seen in bone (excessive bone erosion and failure of mineralization of osteoid) that are related to chronic renal failure. 

Neoplasms of bone:

-osteosarcoma: primary malignant tumour of mesenchymal cells, characterized by direct formation of osteoid or bone by tumour cells.

-chondrosarcoma: malignant tumour of the cartilage in patients between 30-60 years.

-Giant cell tumour(osteoclastoma): presence of multinucleated giant cells scattered throughout a stroma of mononuclear stromal cells.

-Ewing sarcoma:highly malignant tumour of bone which arises in children and adolescent, also associated with cytogenetic abnormalities.

Osteomyelitis:inflammation of bone and marrow

3)NERVOUS

-Alzheimer's disease:a progressive, neurodegenerative disease that occurs in the brain.

-Amytrophic Lateral Sclerosis(ALS): a terminal neurological disorder characterized by progressive degeneration of nerve cells in the spinal cord and brain.

-Bell's palsy: an unexplained episode of facial muscle weakness or paralysis that begins suddenly and worsens over three to five days.

-Epilepsy and seizures

 Partial seizures: abnormal elecrical brain function occurs in one or more areas of one side of the    brain.

 generalized seizures:involve both sides of brain.  

4)REPRODUCTIVE

5)DIGESTIVE

Dysphagia:difficulty in swallowing

Diseases of esophagus

-congenital: atresia and fistula

-esophageal webs: ledgelike protrusions of the mucosa into the esophageal lumen.

-esophageal ring:concentric, smooth, thin extension of normal esophagus.

-esophagial diverticula:a sac or pouch arising from the esophagus.

-achalasia:persistent contraction of lower esophagus.

-esophagitis: inflammation of the esophageal mucosa.

-esophageal varices: dilation of submucosal esophagus.

-Mallory Weiss: bleeding from tears in the mucosa at the junction of the esophagus and stomach due to severe retching.

-carcinoma of esophagus:squamous papilloma, leiomyoma, fibroma, lipoma, carcinoid tumour, malignant melanoma.

Diseases of the stomach:

-pyloric stenosis:congenital, caused by hypertrophy of the muscle layer of the pylorus resulting in the palpable mass causing gastric outlet obstruction and projectile vomiting.

-gastritis: inflammation of gastric mucosa

-peptic ulcer: gastric ulcer(antrum of stomach), duodenal ulcer (1st part of duodenum)

-tumour of stomach:gastric carcinoma(most), lymphoma, carcinoids, GIST

Lesions of intestines

-polyps:tubular(pedunculated)/ villous(sessile)/ tubulovillous 

-colorectal carcinoma

-carcinoid tumour

6)RENAL 

7)HEMATOPOIETIC

-anemia: a reduction in the oxyegen-transporting capacity of blood.

-thrombocytopenia: a reduction in the peripheral blood platelet count below the lower limit of 150,000/cumm.

-hemophilia: a group of congenital coagulation disorders leading to an abnormal bleeding tendency due to genetically determined sex linked recessive defect.

8)ENDOCRINE

Adrenal cortex:

Adrenal hyperfunction: 

-hyperaldosteronism= Conn's syndrome

-hypercorticolism= Cushing's syndrome

Adrenal hypofunction:

-Addison's disease

Adrenal medulla:

1) Neuroblastoma: a maligant tumour composed of neuroblastoma.

2) Pheochromocytoma: a benign, solitary tumour originating from the medulla.

Thyroid: 

Hyperthyroidism

-hyperactive multinodular goiter

-Grave's disease:an autoimmune disorder caused by antibodies to the TSH receptor on the surface of the thyroid follicular cells.

-thyroid neoplasms

Hypothyroidism

Parathyroid:

Hyperparathyroidism

Hypoparathyroidism

9)RESPIRATORY

Pulmonary tuberculosis: caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis

Pneumonia:any infection of the lung parenchyma.

-bacterial pneumonia: bacterial invasion of the lung parenchyma evoking an exudative solidification of the lung parenchyma.

-bronchopneumonia:patchy consolidation of the lung.

-lobar pneumonia:acute bacterial infection of a large portion of a lobe or entire lobe of lung.

-aspiration pneumonia: occurs in markedly debilitated patients or those who apirate gastric contents either while unconcious or during repeated vomiting.

 

Chronic obstructive airway diseases:

-emphysema: a condition of lung characterized by abnormal permanent enlargement of the air spaces distal to the terminal bronchioles accompanied by  destruction of the walls, without obvious fibrosis.

-chronic bronchitis:any patient who has persistent cough with sputum production for at least 3 months in at least 2 consecutive years.

-bronchial asthma:a disease characterized by increased responsiveness of tranchiobronchial tree to various stimuli, potentiating the paroxysmal constriction of the bronchial airways.

 

-bronchiectasis:a chronic necrotizing infection of the bronchi and bronchioles leading to or associated with abnormal dilatation of these airways.

-Lung cancer: squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, bronchioloalveolarcinoma, large cell carcinoma,small cell carcinoma, carcioid tumor, metastatic tumors

-Lung abscess: a local suppurative process within the lung, characterized by necrosis of lung tissue.

10)CARDIOVASCULAR

-Ischemic heart disease:a group of closely related syndromes resulting from imbalance between the supply and demand of the heart for oxygenated blood. 

1)angina pectoris: pain originating in chest and radiating to left shoulder.

2)myocardial infarction:coagulative necrosis of part of myocardium due to abrupt decrease in coronary blood flow following a complete thrombotic occlusion of artery previously narrowed by atherosclerosis. 

3)chronic ischemic heart disease

4)sudden cardiac death:unexpected death from cardiac causes early after or without onset of symptoms.

-Cardiac myopathies: diseases of the myocardium associated with cardiac dysfunction.

-Arteriosclerosis: a group of disorders that have in common thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls.

1)atherosclerosis:characterized by intimal lesion called atheroma which protrude into and obstruct vascular lumen and weaken the underlying media.

2)Monckeberg's@ medial calcific sclerosis: characterized by ring like calcifications within the media of medium-sized to small arteries.

3)arteriolosclerosis